ON THIS DAY: April 24, 1977, Mt. Lebanon housewife elected president of NOW
ByMatt Simmons, WPXI.com
Eleanor Smeal Eleanor Smeal, a cofounder of the Feminist Majority Foundation, stands on the dais as Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., hosts an event about their resolution to remove the deadline for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, at the Capitol in Washington, Wednesday, Feb. 12, 2020. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite) (J. Scott Applewhite/AP)
ByMatt Simmons, WPXI.com
DETROIT, Mich. — Eleanor Marie Cutri Smeal first joined the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1970, and founded the South Hills NOW chapter in 1972. Smeal rose to national prominence while lobbying for the passage of the Pennsylvania Equal Rights Amendment and was elected to her first two terms (of three) as president of NOW at the organization’s conference in Detroit, Michigan on April 24, 1977.
Born on July 30, 1939, Smeal was raised in Erie. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Duke University in 1961. Smeal considered pursuing a law degree, but was put off the idea when she learned about the discrimination women lawyers faced at that time. Instead, she went on to earn a master’s degree in political science and public administration from the University of Florida.
In 1963, she married Charles Smeal, a metallurgical engineering student, and the couple relocated to Pittsburgh in 1967 and had two children.
A self-described housewife in Mt. Lebanon, Smeal developed an awareness of feminist issues – particularly those affecting homemakers – while bedridden with back problems and complications after the birth of her daughter. She began to study feminist theory and history, particularly the suffrage campaign.
She later told The New York Times that, “women used to resent being called housewives and homemakers but it’s much less true today (1977). We now have a new National Homemakers Committee. That’s what most women are. It’s important work.”
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Democratic Representatives Hold Press Conference Calling For The Ratification Of The Equal Rights Amendment WASHINGTON, DC - President and cofounder of the Feminist Majority Foundation Eleanor Smeal attends a news conference on women’s rights April 30, 2019 on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC. (Photo by Alex Wong/Getty Images) (Alex Wong/Getty Images)
ERA President Jimmy Carter reaches to replace the cap on his pen after signing legislation which gives a time extension for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment at the White House in Washington, Oct. 20, 1978. From left behind Carter are: Rep. Gladys Spellman (D-Md.); Sarah Waddington, a presidential adviser; Eleanor Smeal, president of National Organization of Women; unidentified man; Democratic National Committee Chairman John White; Rep. Elizabeth Holtzman (D-N.Y.); and former Rep. Martha Griffiths. (AP Photo) (Anonymous/AP)
Eleanor Smeal Sen. Edward Kennedy (D-Mass.), talks with Eleanor Smeal, president of the National Organization of Women, June 26, 1979 at a Washington reception sponsored by NOW as a fund-raiser for the ratification effort of the National Rights Amendment. Kennedy addressed the gathering. (AP Photo/Dennis Cook) (Dennis Cook/AP)
Eleanor Smeal First lady Betty Ford, center, poses at an ERA NOW luncheon, June 11, 1981. The group, left to right: actors Georg Stanford Brown, Linda Lavin, Jean Stapleton and Tyne Daly; Mrs. Ford; National Organization for Women president Eleanor Smeal; actors Alan Alda and Valerie Harper; singer Helen Reddy. (AP Photo/Randy Rasmussen) (Randy Rasmussen/AP)
Benjamin Hooks; Eleanor Smeal; J Benjamin Hooks, center, chairman of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights and executive director of the NAACP, speaks with Eleanor Smeal, president of the National Organization for Women, and Joseph Rauh, Jr., counsel for the LCCR, during a news conference on Capitol Hill, July 28, 1986. The civil rights leaders opposed the nomination of chief justice-designate William Rehnquist, calling him an extremist whose legal writings support discrimination. (AP Photo/John Duricka) (JOHN DURICKA/ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Eleanor Smeal American actresses Marlo Thomas, center, Whoopi Goldberg, second from right, and Cybill Shepherd, extreme right, participate in an abortion rights march in Washington, April 10, 1989. On the left are: Molly Yard, president of the National Organization for Women, or NOW, and right behind fellow activist Eleanor Smeal. Others are unidentified. (AP Photo/Doug Mills) (DOUG MILLS/AP)
Eleanor Smeal Sen. Joseph Biden, D-Del., chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, along with committee members Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., second from right, Sen. Carol Moseley-Braun, D-Ill., second from left, and women's activist Eleanor Smeal, meet reporters on Capitol Hill in Washington, May 27, 1993 to discuss the "Response to Rape" report. The report culminates a three-year investigation by the committee concerning causes and effects of violence against women. (AP Photo/John Duricka) (John Duricka/AP)
Martha Burk talks with media AUGUSTA, GA - APRIL 12, 2003: Martha Burk, Chairwoman of the National Council of Women's Organizations, and Eleanor Smeal, the Feminist Majority Foundation President, talk with the media during Masters week demonstrations on Washington Road outside the gates of Augusta National on April 12, 2003 in Augusta, Georgia. (Photo by Getty Images) (Getty Images/Getty Images)
National Organization Women Endorses Clinton For President WASHINGTON - MARCH 28, 2007: Sen. Hillary Clinton (D-NY) (C) flanked by National Organization for Women (NOW) president Kim Gandy (R) and former NOW President Eleanor Smeal (L) speaks at a news conference March 28, 2007 in Washington DC. NOW has endorsed Senator Clinton in her bid for the White House in 2008. (Photo by Mark Wilson/Getty Images) (Mark Wilson/Getty Images)
National Organization Of Women (NOW) Announces Support Of Obama-Biden WASHINGTON - SEPTEMBER 16, 2008: Eleanor Smeal (R), Feminist Majority Foundation President, announces her organization's endorsement of Democratic Presidential candidate U.S. Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL) during a press conference September 16, 2008 in Washington, DC. Various women's rights groups including The National Organization for Women PAC, Feminist Majority PAC, Business and Professional Women/PAC, National Association of Social Workers PACE, National Congress of Black Women, and the Women's Information Network also joined in the endorsement of Sen. Obama's candidacy for the U.S. presidency. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) (Win McNamee/Getty Images)
Carolyn Maloney Holds News Conference On Equal Rights Amendment WASHINGTON, DC - JANUARY 06, 2011: U.S. Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) (C) speaks as Rep. Gwen Moore (D-WI) (L), Sen. Robert Menendez (D-NJ) (2nd-L), and President of the Feminist Majority Eleanor Smeal (2nd-R) listen during a news conference January 6, 2011 on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC. Rep. Maloney and Sen. Menendez held a news conference to highlight the absence of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the U.S. Constitution. (Photo by Alex Wong/Getty Images) (Alex Wong/Getty Images)
Carolyn Maloney, Eleanor Smeal Eleanor Smeal, founder of The Feminist Majority, left, talks with Rep. Carolyn Maloney, D-N.Y., at a news conference on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, June 22, 2011, to discuss the re-introduction of the Equal Rights Amendment. (AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin) (Jacquelyn Martin/AP)
10th Annual Global Women's Rights Awards - Arrivals WEST HOLLYWOOD, CA - MAY 18, 2015: (L-R) President of the FMF Eleanor Smeal arrives at The Feminist Majority Foundation's 10th Annual Global Women's Rights Awards, with Urban decay Honoering Shonda Rhimes and Jenji Kohan at Pacific Design Center on May 18, 2015 in West Hollywood, California. (Photo by Frazer Harrison/Getty Images) (Frazer Harrison/Getty Images)
Reps Carolyn Maloney And Ro Khanna Announce New Sexual Harassment Legislation WASHINGTON, DC - DECEMBER 18, 2017: Feminist Majority Foundation President Eleanor Smeal speaks during a news conference to introduce the Ending Secrecy About Workplace Sexual Harassment Act in the U.S. Capitol Visitors Center December 18, 2017 in Washington, DC. The legislation would force disclosure and end tax deductions for sexual harassment settlements. (Photo by Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images) (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)
Activists Protest Trump Policy Of Separating Immigrant Children And Families WASHINGTON, DC - JUNE 13, 2018: Eleanor Smeal, president of the Feminist Majority, speaks as protesters block the entrance of the headquarters of U.S. Customs and Border Protection during a protest June 13, 2018 in Washington, DC. Democratic congressional members joined actives to protest "the Trump administration's policy to separate children from their parents at the border." (Photo by Alex Wong/Getty Images) (Alex Wong/Getty Images)
Democratic Representatives Hold Press Conference Calling For The Ratification Of The Equal Rights Amendment WASHINGTON, DC - APRIL 30, 2019: U.S. Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) (C) holds a thumbs up as National Organization for Women President Toni Van Pelt (L), President and co-founder of the Feminist Majority Foundation Eleanor Smeal (2nd L), and Actress Alyssa Milano (R) attend a news conference on women’s rights April 30, 2019 on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC. Activists and Congressional Democrats joined Rep. Maloney in the news conference to call for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). (Photo by Alex Wong/Getty Images) (Alex Wong/Getty Images)
Eleanor Smeal Eleanor Smeal, a cofounder of the Feminist Majority Foundation, stands on the dais as Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., hosts an event about their resolution to remove the deadline for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, at the Capitol in Washington, Wednesday, Feb. 12, 2020. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite) (J. Scott Applewhite/AP)
Smeal began a four-year term on the local board of the League of Women Voters in 1968, but two years later she and her husband joined NOW. She served various local and state offices in NOW, rising in the ranks until she was elected president of the Pennsylvania state NOW in 1972.
She used her influence to get equal physical education for girls in school and was successful in getting the state’s equal rights statute applied. Enforcement of Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments was a top priority of the organization under her leadership.
In 1973, Smeal was elected to the board of directors of NOW and two years later became chairperson.
Smeal served two terms as president of NOW from 1977 to 1982 and was the first to have been a housewife. “People kept coming up to me and saying, ‘Don’t call yourself a housewife, say you’re a political scientist,’” she told the Washington Post. “I say, wait a minute, I have a master’s degree in political science, but I never worked a day in my life as a political scientist. Being president of NOW is the first paying job I ever had. For 14 years I was a housewife, by every definition of that term – I have the IRS forms to prove it.”
She oversaw a complete restructuring of the organization during her tenure, changing the administrative and ideological foundations of the group and growing it into a confrontational and powerful political lobby.
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution became a NOW priority in the late 1970s. The amendment passed Congress in 1972 and was ratified by 35 states, just three states shy of becoming part of the Constitution, when the measure stalled.
Under Smeal, NOW organized boycotts of the states that had not yet ratified the ERA. Aggressive lobbying culminated in a pro-ERA march on Washington on July 9, 1979, in an all-out effort by NOW to extend the deadline for ratification. An estimated 100,000 demonstrators succeeded in getting the deadline for ratification extended, but was ultimately unsuccessful.
Smeal was elected for a third term as NOW president from 1985 to 1987.
A fierce advocate for abortion rights, Smeal again enlisted NOW activists to march on Washington in 1986. The march drew over 100,000 people and was repeated in Los Angeles the following weekend.
When Smeal’s third term ended, she co-founded the Feminist Majority Foundation and became its CEO. She frequently appears on television and testifies before Congressional committees on women’s issues.